You may need to read an article on this topic, as it will help you understand the chemistry better.
A Simplified Guide to the Relationship Between Calcium, Alkalinity, Magnesium and pH
http://www.reefkeeping.com/issues/2006-06/rhf/index.php
Currently, the Magnesium in your tank is too low. That is going to affect some SPS corals, like montipora sp. If Calcium is 480ppm, Mg should be 3x that amount, or 1440ppm. 1200ppm is a problem that must be corrected.
Alkalinity rises and falls as it is used up, and is part of what buffers the water as explained in that article. Yes, it must be dosed regularly, as in daily. That is why some of us use Calcium Reactors while others hook up automated dosers to add it via timers at a specified amount. Your current Alk & Ca levels are perfect.
pH will go up and down, based on photosynthesis and the amount of CO2 in your home. The less CO2, the higher the pH possible in your tank.
Each time you do a water change, it is possible that the new water may change the alk, ca, & mg of the main tank. It depends what the new saltwater has in it, either too much or too little of that particular element. That is why it is recommended you test the mixed water to make sure it matches. I discuss that in this article:
How to Change Water in Your Reef Aquarium
http://www.reefkeeping.com/issues/2007-11/nftt/index.php